Python – Operators
Operators are used to combining two operands into a single operation. The following are the different types of Python operators:
- Arithmetic operators
- Assignment operators
- Comparison operators
- Logical operators
- Identity operators
- Membership operators
- Bitwise operators
Python Arithmetic operators
To execute arithmetic operations on two operands, arithmetic operators are employed.
| Operator | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| + | Addition | Add two values |
| – | Subtraction | Subtract one value from another |
| * | Multiplication | Multiply two values |
| / | Division | Divide one value by another |
| ** | Exponent / Power | Returns first operand raised to the power of the second operand |
| % | Modulo | Returns remainder of the division operation |
| // | Floor division | Returns quotient of the division operation |
Python Assignment operators
Assignment operators are used to assign values from the right-hand side expression to the operand on the left-hand side.
| Operator | Expression | Equivalent to |
|---|---|---|
| = | a = 5 | a = 5 |
| += | a += b | a = a + b |
| -= | a -= b | a = a – b |
| *= | a *= b | a = a * b |
| /= | a /= b | a = a / b |
| **= | a **= b | a = a ** b |
| %= | a %= b | a = a % b |
| //= | a //= b | a = a // b |
| &= | a &= b | a = a & b |
| |= | a |= b | a = a | b |
| ^= | a ^= b | a = a ^ b |
| >>= | a >>= b | a = a >> b |
| <<= | a <<= b | a = a << b |
Python Comparison operators
To compare the values of two operands, comparison operators are employed. When the values match, it returns true, and when they don’t, it returns false.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| == | Equal |
| != | Not equal |
| > | Greater than |
| < | Less than |
| >= | Greater than or equal to |
| <= | Less than or equal to |
Python Logical operators
Logical operators are used to combining two or more conditions.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| and | Returns true when all conditions are true |
| or | Returns true when any of the conditions is true |
| not | Returns opposite boolean result |
Python Identity operators
Identity operators are used to compare the memory location of two objects.
| Operator | Description |
|---|---|
| is | Returns true when both variables are the same object |
| is not | Returns true when both variables are not the same object |
Python Membership operators
Membership operators are used to check the membership of element(s) in a sequence like lists, tuple etc.
| Operator | Description | Example |
|---|---|---|
| in | Returns true if a given element is present in the object | a in b |
| not in | Returns true if a given element is not present in the object | a not in b |
Python Bitwise operators
Bitwise operators are used to perform bitwise operations on two operands.
| Operator | Name | Description |
|---|---|---|
| & | AND | Returns 1 if both bits at the same position in both operands are 1, else returns 0 |
| | | OR | Returns 1 if one of two bits at the same position in both operands is 1, else returns 0 |
| ^ | XOR | Returns 1 if only one of two bits at the same position in both operands is 1, else returns 0 |
| ~ | NOT | Reverse all the bits |
| >> | Right shift | The left operand is moved right by the number of bits present in the right operand |
| << | Left shift | The left operand value is moved left by the number of bits present in the right operand |
Python Operators Precedence
Operator precedence (order of operations) refers to a set of rules that specify which procedures should be executed first when evaluating a given expression.
For example, multiplication has higher precedence than addition. Thus, the expression 1 + 2 × 3 is interpreted to have the value 1 + (2 × 3) = 7, and not (1 + 2) × 3 = 9. When exponent is used in the expression, it has precedence over both addition and multiplication. Thus 3 + 52 = 28 and 3 × 52 = 75.
The precedence and associativity of Python operators are listed in the table below. Operators are listed in ascending order from top to bottom. Operators with a higher precedence are rated first, followed by operators with a lower precedence. Associativity of the operators dictates the sequence in which operations are done when they have the same precedence.
Except for exponentiation, which has associativity from right to left, operators in the same group have associativity from left to right.
| Precedence | Operator | Description |
|---|---|---|
| 18 | (expressions…) | Binding or parenthesized expression |
| [expressions…] | List display | |
| {key: value…} | Dictionary display | |
| {expressions…} | Set display | |
| 17 | x[index] | Subscription |
| x[index:index] | Slicing | |
| x(arguments…) | Call | |
| x.attribute | Attribute reference | |
| 16 | await x | Await expression |
| 15 | ** | Exponentiation |
| 14 | +x -x | Unary plus, Unary negation |
| ~ | Bitwise NOT | |
| 13 | * / // % | Multiplication, Division, Floor division, Remainder |
| @ | Matrix multiplication | |
| 12 | + – | Addition, Subtraction |
| 11 | << >> | Bitwise left shift, right shift |
| 10 | & | Bitwise AND |
| 9 | ^ | Bitwise XOR |
| 8 | | | Bitwise OR |
| 7 | < <= > >= | Less than, Less than or equal, Greater than, and Greater than or equal |
| is | Identity operators | |
| is not | ||
| in | Membership operators | |
| not in | ||
| 6 | not x | Boolean NOT |
| 5 | and | Boolean AND |
| 4 | or | Boolean OR |
| 3 | if-else | Conditional expression |
| 2 | lambda | Lambda expression |
| 1 | = | Direct assignment |
| += -= *= /= //= %= **= | Compound assignment by addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, floor division, remainder, and exponentiation | |
| <<= >>= | Compound assignment by Bitwise left shift, right shift | |
| &= ^= |= | Compound assignment by Bitwise AND, XOR and OR |